Who Are the Edomites Today?
on Wednesday, August 27, 2025 by Bill SalusTracing the Edomite – Palestinian Connection
(Article taken from the book entitled, Psalm 83, The Missing Prophecy Revealed).
The present conflict in the Middle East between the Israelis and Palestinians is proof positive that we are nearing the end of times. The Bible foretold the faceoff between these two ethnic groups to occur in the last days!
Scripture informs us that it will be resolved through a sizeable regional war in the Middle East. This war is waged between Israel’s exceedingly great army, and the Psalm 83 Arab confederacy. At the helm of this confederacy are the descendants from the ancient Edomites. In the process the IDF executes the vengeance of their God on the Palestinians and their coalition of Arab allies. The historical equivalents to the Palestinians, at least in part, are these ancient Edomites.
Regarding the Edomites, there are numerous scriptures in the Bible written by various prophets that predict their present participation in the Middle East crisis. These prophecies, when appropriately discerned, present us with invaluable insights into the cause, details, duration, and resolve of the conflict at hand. As such, this prophetic information has direct and specific application to this present generation.
This lengthy article is committed to the study of the Edomites and attempts to connect part of their genealogy to the modern-day ethnic group commonly referred to as the Palestinians. Unless you are a Middle East historian or an avid student of the Bible, you likely run the risk of not knowing whom the Edomites were and, therefore, what some of the Palestinian ancestry was.
The Edomites have for the most part long been forgotten. However, they and their former homeland of Edom, which is modern-day Southern Jordan, fill many pages of end-times Bible prophecy.
Who are the Edomites?
Simply put, they are the descendants of Esau, the twin brother of the infamous Jacob of the Old Testament. Jacob was later known as Israel, and from his twelve sons came the formation of the nation Israel. Likewise, the descendants of Esau formed the nation of Edom.
Who are the Palestinians?
Palestinian is the ethnic label tossed about loosely in modern times to identify three primary predominately Arab groups of people: the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip, the Palestinians of the West Bank, and the Palestinian Refugees. These groups inhabit the territories that most closely approach the borders of modern-day Israel, with pocket communities in the surrounding Arab nations. We generally understand that these three groups are comprised of a mixture of peoples who descend from various origins, one of these being traceable back to Esau, father of the Edomites.
Unlike the Jewish people, who all share a common lineage traceable to the biblical patriarchs of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Palestinians have no such common historical lineage specifically linking them biologically to any distinct ethnicity. Their genealogies can be traced back to the Edomites, Egyptians, Assyrians, Philistines, Sidonians, Ammonites, Moabites, Yemenites, Saudi Arabians, Moroccans, Christians from Greece, Muslim Sherkas from Russia, and Muslims from Bosnia, just to name a few.
It is unfortunate that the history books and encyclopedias of our time have generally lost track of the Edomites. However, the fact remains that if the Bible is correct, the Edomites will resurface and they and their former homeland will play parts in future world events.
We must consider that when the prophecies of the Bible were written, the peoples and places subject to the prophecies were identified in accordance with their recognized titles at the time. For instance, should any pending prophecies regarding ancient Philistia be fulfilled in modern times, they could be referring to the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip. Likewise, prophecies regarding the Palestinians of the West Bank could find association with the Edomites. As will be pointed out further in this article, many Edomites migrated from Edom into Hebron, which is located in the modern-day West Bank. Hebron is the largest Palestinian city in the region and a significant commercial and cultural center.
Through time, titles often changed as epic events altered the course of ethnic and geographic history. For example, the Romans relabeled Israel the Land of Palaestina in AD 135 when they defeated the Bar Kokhba revolt. There are numerous unfulfilled prophecies in the Bible that concern Philistia, Edom and the Edomites.
The Jewish prophets who described them at the time had no Palestinian labels to give further identification as to exactly which of the three Palestinian groups of our day would have specific application. These unfulfilled prophecies are of particular interest in modern times, as knowledgeable students of prophecy suspect that these prophecies will soon find their final fulfillment.
The premise we should now consider is that this ethnic Edomite group never officially ceased to exist; rather, they have apparently been existing for many centuries in the Middle East in general, and in the land of Israel and Southern Jordan more specifically. Though their identity has been mistaken, we must not overlook their ethnic reality.
Since the Bible predicts future events with 100 percent accuracy, we can recognize that a remnant of the Edomites still exists in some ethnic classification today. Though their identity at present is somewhat obscured, the fulfillment of the predicted events will clearly prove who the Edomites are and have been. As we study the prophecies regarding Edom and the Edomites we are forced to consider their close association with the Palestinians of today.
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As you read the following three sections of scripture, you will notice Edom plays a significant role in each of them.
“Do not keep silent, O God! Do not hold Your peace, And do not be still, O God! For behold, Your enemies make a tumult; And those who hate You have lifted up their head. They have taken crafty counsel against Your people, [The Jews] And consulted together against Your sheltered ones. They have said, “Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation, That the name of Israel may be remembered no more.” For they have consulted together with one consent; They form a confederacy against You: The tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites; Moab and the Hagrites; Gebal, Ammon, and Amalek; Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre; Assyria also has joined with them; They have helped the children of Lot. Selah” (Psalm 83:1–8, NKJV; emphasis added)
“Thus says the LORD GOD: “Because of what Edom did against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and has greatly offended by avenging itself on them,” therefore thus says the LORD GOD: “I will also stretch out My hand against Edom, cut off man [Palestinian] and beast from it, and make it desolate from Teman; Dedan [Saudi Arabia] shall fall by the sword. I will lay My vengeance on Edom by the hand of My people Israel, [The Jews] that they may do in Edom according to My anger and according to My fury; and they [Palestinians] and the Saudi Arabians by association] shall know My vengeance,” says the LORD GOD.” (Ezek. 25:12–14, NKJV; emphasis added)
“Come near, you nations, to hear; And heed, you people! Let the Earth hear, and all that is in it, The world and all things that come forth from it. For the indignation of the LORD is against all nations, And His fury against all their armies; [future campaign of Armageddon] He has utterly destroyed them, He has given them over to the slaughter. Also their slain shall be thrown out; Their stench shall rise from their corpses, And the mountains shall be melted with their blood. All the host of heaven shall be dissolved, And the heavens shall be rolled up like a scroll; All their host shall fall down As the leaf falls from the vine, And as fruit falling from a fig tree. For My sword shall be bathed in heaven; Indeed it shall come down on Edom, And on the people of My curse, for judgment. The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, It is made overflowing with fatness, With the blood of lambs and goats, With the fat of the kidneys of rams. For the LORD has a sacrifice in Bozrah, And a great slaughter in the land of Edom.” (Isa. 34:1–6, NKJV; emphasis added)
These scriptures are just a few of the numerous end-time pieces of the prophetic puzzle, and they place either Edom or the Edomite people in the midst of the circumstances. The first piece, the prophecy of Psalm 83, references the “tents of Edom,” which if it were fulfilled in modern times would be better translated as the “tents of Palestinians.” Tents biblically represent a population assembled in refuge, and/or military encampments.
Tent communities housing Palestinians become instrumental to a confederate attempt with the nations of Egypt (Hagarenes) Saudi Arabia (Ishmaelites), Jordan (Moab and Ammon, the children of Lot), Syria and Iraq (Assyria), Lebanon (Tyre), and Gaza (Philistia).The explicit goal of this confederacy is the destruction of the nation Israel. Tent communities and military mindsets are well understood among the Palestinians. Presently, the world is witnessing glimpses of the Psalm 83:1–6 confederate scenario in its dangerous beginning stages as these Arab nations lend support to the Palestinians’ fight against the nation of Israel.
Resulting from this cursed confederate effort, the events of the second prophetic passage above regarding the Israeli Conquest over the “tents of Palestinians” as described in Ezekiel 25:12–14 occurs. This Jewish military effort extends beyond Edom, i.e., Southern Jordan, into at least Dedan, which is located in Northwestern Saudi Arabia. This conquest brings to a conclusion the Psalm 83 war effort and devastates most of what remains of the refugee Palestinian population. Furthermore, it transfers sovereignty of Southern Jordan over to the Jewish people. The prophetic passages below confirm this.
“Therefore behold, the days are coming,” says the Lord, “That I will cause to be heard an alarm of war In Rabbah of the Ammonites; [Northern Jordan] It shall be a desolate mound, And her villages shall be burned with fire. Then Israel shall take possession of his inheritance,” says the Lord.” (Jeremiah 49:2, NKJV; emphasis added)
“I have heard the reproach of Moab, [Central Jordan] And the insults of the people of Ammon, [Northern Jordan] With which they have reproached My people, [Israel] And made arrogant threats against their borders. Therefore, as I live,” Says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, “Surely Moab shall be like Sodom, And the people of Ammon like Gomorrah— Overrunwith weeds and saltpits, And a perpetual desolation. The residue of My people [IDF] shall plunder them, And the remnant of My people [Israelis] shall possess them.” (Zephaniah 2:8-9, NKJV; emphasis added)
This transfer of sovereignty leads to the third prophetic piece previously prescribed in Isaiah 34:1–6. Isaiah describes the “great slaughter in the land of Edom,” which regards itself with the return of Jesus Christ to Edom in order to protect the faithful Jewish remnant. This Jewish contingency will be hiding in Bozrah as refugees who temporarily escaped the onslaught of the Antichrist. The Antichrist will be at that time involved in the final extermination attempt of the Jewish people, which climaxes in the campaign of Armageddon.
The Bible predicts two pending judgments destined to occur in the territory of Edom. First the avenging of “My people Israel” against the Palestinians and their confederate member nations, and then subsequently the “great slaughter” by Jesus Christ of the Antichrist and His armies. The emphasis of this article is upon the first of the two pending judgments. The second judgment is entirely unrelated to the “tents of Palestinians.”
In order to understand the connection between the Edomites and the Palestinians, one must trace the migration process of the Edomites into Israel over time, and likewise study the process of the name conversion of the land of “Israel,” into the land of “Palestine.”
Yet even before this, it is important to explore the final fulfillment of two significant prophecies. These two prophecies play a crucial role in understanding how the land in question, developed into its disputed condition of today.
The Twin Prophecies of Jacob and Esau
Presently, the international community desperately seeks to position the Israelis and Palestinians side by side, in a peaceful co-existence. Did you know that these two groups, the Israelis and the Edomites, once successfully operated in a two-state solution of sorts? However, there were two prophecies written in ancient times that foretold of both Israel’s and Edom’s national decline, and at the time of the fulfillment of these two prophecies, their operational two-state solution disintegrated. Read this linked article below.
The Twin Prophecies of Jacob and Esau
The above article concludes with this closing paragraph below.
“Edom will never be great among the nations, as they were permanently “made small among the nations” and that is the best condition they will ever experience. In fact, because of their present attempt to curse the developing nation of Israel, the Edomites will be extinguished as a people according to Obadiah 1:18. In other words the Palestinians of today will likely never nationally ascend much beyond a refugee condition.”
This above paragraph is a qualified declaration according to the two prophecies below.
Jeremiah’s and Obadiah’s prophecies regarding Edom
“I have heard tidings from the LORD, and a messenger has been sent among the nations: “Gather yourselves together and come against her, and rise up for battle!” For behold, I will make you (Edom) small among the nations, despised among men.” (Jeremiah 49:14-15; RSV; emphasis added)
“The vision of Obadiah. Thus says the Lord GOD concerning Edom: We have heard tidings from the LORD, and a messenger has been sent among the nations: “Rise up! let us rise against her for battle!” Behold, I will make you small among the nations, you shall be utterly despised.” (Obadiah 1:1-2; RSV)
The Migration of the Edomites
The Edomites, later known as the Idumeans, became assimilated into the so-called Palestinians of today. This section studies the migratory path of the Edomites out of ancient Edom (present day Southern Jordan), into Southern Israel. It also explains the reasons for the migration, and in the end establishes the intelligent presumption that though history has lost sight of the Edomites ethnically, the Bible student can identify them today prophetically. They are an integral part of the present Palestinian population.
The ascent of the Edomites into the land of Israel officially began in 586 BC, which coincided with the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. At that time, the Edomites began to trespass into the land of Israel in large numbers, and began their homestead of the Holy Land with little to no Jewish, Philistian, Chaldean or Babylonian restriction.
Hebron, which is located 19 miles south of Jerusalem, became their popular new frontier. Unlike Jerusalem, which was destroyed at the time, much of Hebron was still left in tact. Standing approximately 3,040 feet above sea level, and having been established as a city over 1,500 years earlier, it was considered prime property for the taking.
Coincidentally, about the same time a nomadic tribe known as the Nabateans began to migrate out of Arabia into Edom. They began to establish themselves alongside the Edomites, causing cultural and territorial conflicts, which played an instrumental part in this first wave of Edomite migration into Israel. Israel was the logical destination of Edomite relocation for the following reasons.
First, it was directly to the west of Edom with established routes of passage making it easy to enter. Second it was historically a more prosperous and resourceful land than Edom, which was primarily a place filled with unfertile deserts and jagged mountains. Thirdly, it was a land that the Edomites bore brotherly association with, in that their patriarch Esau was the twin brother of Jacob, who later bore the name Israel.
These Edomites like their ancestral father Esau before them harbored a hatred of Israel and his descendants the Jews and quite possibly felt a form of restitution in their occupation of the land of Israel. Lastly, it was available for the taking, since the Babylonians had deported the Jews off into captivity.
Continued Edomite movement occurred over the fifth and fourth centuries BC into Southern Israel. Then, in 312 BC, the Seleucid King Antigonus, who had come to power when Alexander’s empire was divided, conquered Edom. The last of the Edomites still held out in Edom at the time of the advance of Antigonus had to face the possibility of death by defeat or life by fleeing to Israel where they could find refuge with generations of relatives. Many chose to flee making it easier for Antigonus to prevail.
This episode in history caused a second major wave of Edomite migration into Hebron and greater Southern Israel. About that time, the Edomites were more commonly referred to by their Greek name, Idumeans. The territory of Southern Israel they inhabited, with its central city of Hebron, had come to be known as Idumea. Ultimately, the Nabateans annihilated Antigonus and his army, when they weighted themselves down with the plunder and booty of Edom, making them to slow to further fight.
Hebron remained under Edomite/Idumean control until Judas Maccabeus retook the city under Jewish control in 164 BC. Thirty-eight years later, in 126 BC, history tells us the Edomites/Idumeans had to be re-conquered by the Jewish army, led by their prince and high priest John Hyrcanus. The Edomites/Idumeans continued to rise up and rebel, causing Hyrcanus to put an end to their insurgency.
At that point, the Idumeans were forced to die, flee, or be proselytized into Judaism if they wanted to remain in the territory of Idumea, and/or greater Judea. Many opted to stay rather than move back into their ancient homeland Edom, which still housed many Nabateans.
Then in 47 BC, Julius Caesar promoted the Idumean Antipater as procurator over Judea, Samaria, and Galilee, which in essence encompassed most all of the remaining Jewish kingdom. Ten years later in 37 BC, the Romans named Herod as the King over Israel. Herod was the son of Antipater, an Idumean, and his mother Nabatean.
This evidences the point that the Edomites/Idumeans were well established in Israel, having over five centuries of prior history in Israel by the time of the first coming of the Messiah Jesus Christ. Mark 3:8 alludes to the territory of Idumea, further evidencing that the Idumeans were still around during the New Testament period.
Josephus the Jewish historian tells us that further Idumean interactions in Israel occurred up to and on through AD 70, at which time the Romans sacked Jerusalem and destroyed the second Jewish temple. He identifies them as;
“A tumultuous and disorderly nation, always on the watch upon every motion, delighting in mutations; and upon your flattering them ever so little, and petitioning them, they soon take their arms, and put themselves into motion, and make haste to a battle, as if it were to a feast.”
Just prior to the sacking of Jerusalem by the Roman legions, led by Titus, the Idumeans joined the Jewish rebels led by John the Zealot, against the Orthodox Jews of the time. All three groups, the Zealots, Idumeans, and the Orthodox Jews, were in fervor about the advancing Roman legions throughout the land, and as such, Israel was in a state of turmoil, which resulted in a civil war. About 20,000 Idumean infantry took part in the slaughter of many Orthodox Jews.
After so doing, they repented and went back to what little, was left of their Idumean existence. Shortly thereafter, the remaining Jews and Idumeans banded together against the Roman legions. Josephus goes on to say that the Idumeans were enlisted alongside the Jews in the fight. As stated earlier, many Idumeans were either killed, sold into slavery, or enjoined among the forty thousand set free by Caesar.
These forty thousand Idumeans presumably attempted to reestablish the war-torn territory of Idumea. Maps drafted as late as AD 135, at the time of the final Jewish revolt led by Bar Kokhba against the Roman occupation, still displayed Idumea giving it legitimacy as the nation of these Idumeans.
Thus, the last traces of the Edomite / Idumean population residing in the land of modern-day Israel were approximately AD 135. From that point forward, further evidence of their ethnic whereabouts becomes scarce. As the next section reveals it was AD 135 when the Romans renamed the Land of Israel the Land of Palaestina, and as such, Idumea disappeared from future map, and the Idumeans fade from history.
The Name Conversion of the Land
The name Palestine, which is the modern-day translation of the Latin term “Palaestina,” the Arabic word “Filastin,” and in Hebrew “Pelesheth” or sometimes spelled “Peleset” or “Peleshet,” appears eight times in the Old Testament. The Romans renamed the land formerly known as Israel to the land of Palaestina in AD 135.
The original Hebrew word Pelesheth referred to the territory on the South West Coast of Israel, which the non-Arab Philistines settled between 1200 and 1100 BC. These people had been driven out of Greece and the Aegean Islands around 1300 BC. They made their way down toward Egypt, and unsuccessfully attempted to invade Egypt around 1200 BC. Because of their defeat, they migrated up to the area generally referred to today as the Gaza Strip.[i]
As such, this territory became known as Philistia, and was much more limited in landmass, than the Palestine of today. Ancient Philistia became established on territory belonging to the tribe of Judah.
When the Romans ended the Jewish revolt of “Bar Kokhba” around AD 135, they advanced the name “Palaestina” to describe the subject territory. The historical understanding of why the Romans implemented this name change was to blot out any vestiges of residual Jewish identity and interest in connection with the land.
The story is told that “the Roman Procurator in charge of the Judean-Israel territories was so angry at the Jews for revolting that he called for his historians and asked them who were the worst enemies of the Jews in their past history. The scribes said, ‘the Philistines.’ Thus, the Procurator declared that Land of Israel would from then forward be called ‘Philistia.’”[ii] As referenced before, Palaestina is the Latin translation of Philistia, from which today we derive the word Palestine.
Bar Kokhba had about 200,000 men at his command, and in a final Jewish revolt, they recaptured Jerusalem and many strongholds and villages throughout the country.[iii] This caused the Emperor Hadrian at the time to call legion upon legion of reinforcements to crush the Jewish insurgents. It is estimated that as many as 580,000 Romans and Jews were slain in this bloody revolt. Some Roman accounts suggest almost that many Jews alone were killed.[iv]
This Bar Kokhba revolt was the final straw for the Jews as far as Hadrian was concerned; he purposed to stamp out Jewish nationalism entirely. Jewish traditions like circumcision, the Sabbath, and the reading of the “Mosaic Law” were forbidden.
He was determined to convert the war-torn city of Jerusalem into a Roman colony. He changed the name from Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina, and ordered the building of a temple to Jupiter, on the site where the second Jewish temple once stood. Lastly, he forbade any Jew, on pain of death to appear within site of the city.[v]
Though Palaestina was the name the Romans elected to use in AD 135, it was not the only name available to them at the time. Idumea, the Greek word for Edom, was still on the maps and could have likewise been used. The Idumeans/Edomites, still supported a population in Israel at the time in Hebron, and the surrounding areas near Jerusalem.
The most logical explanations why the Romans opted not to name the region Idumea, are first that the Idumeans were most likely still practitioners of Judaism, the religion emperor Hadrian was attempting to vanquish, and secondly as such Idumea did not then rank as one of Israel’s greatest historical enemies when compared against Philistia.
Regarding our study the point is not why the Romans chose the name Palaestina at the time; rather, it is the fact that there apparently were still Edomites/Idumeans residing in the land of Israel at the time of the renaming. The Edomites of old still had an ethnic identity well into the first and second centuries. However shortly thereafter they made their way off the pages of any further history.
The Bar Kokhba defeat only compounded the dilemmas of these two ethnic groups, the Jews and Edomites/Idumeans. It offered the necessary certainty that indeed the Jews were no longer the client nation, “My people Israel,” and that the Edomites/Idumeans were made even more “small among the nations.” Philistia, which had previously been an abandoned territorial name, became reinstated, and Idumea an established identity soon after the revival of Philistia became forgotten.
From that point, the land of Israel commenced to take on an entirely new identity. Around AD 390, the land of Palaestina broadened in scope to include three enlarged units: Prima, Secunda, and Tertia. These three units encompassed Judea, Samaria, the coast of Peraea, the Galilee, lower Jezreel Valley, regions east of the Galilee, Negev, Southern Jordan, and most of the Sinai.[vi] The Edomite/Idumean remnant became further absorbed and harder to identify within these three units.
Arab rule over the area began around AD 635, and the Arab rulers back then divided the province into five districts, known as Junds, which were tribal corps. This period up to the tenth century was characterized by political upheavals, and several times the boundaries were readjusted.
Around the tenth century, the division into Junds began to break down and the establishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem completed that process. Muslim control was re-established in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and the division into districts was reinstated, with boundaries that were frequently rewritten.
Around the end of the thirteenth century, Palestine comprised several of nine kingdoms of Syria, namely the Kingdoms of Gaza, Karak, Safad, and parts of the Kingdom of Damascus.[vii] Then came the Turkish Ottoman Empire, which ruled over the land in question from 1517 to 1917. Their dominance was brought to an end at the conclusion of World War I, which evidenced that nation had begun to come against nation in accordance to the prophecy of Jesus Christ.[viii]
Then in 1917, the Balfour Document was drafted which entirely broadened the scope of the land of Palestine. In its original draft, it incorporated most all of the Gaza, Israel, the West Bank, and modern-day Jordan, and this large landmass, approximately 46,000 square miles, was to be devoted to the Jewish State, i.e., Israel.
However, by 1948, when the Jewish State became official, the Arabs had convinced the world, that only a small notch of land should be allotted to the returning Jewish people. Annexed out was modern-day Jordan, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.[ix] According to Genesis 15:18, this amount of land falls far short of the ultimate inheritance of Israel.
Summary
In summary, the land in question during the 1,878 years of Jewish dispersion out of Israel and into the nations of the world, changed hands on several occasions. It experienced Roman, Christian, Arab, Turkish, and British rule, and the name Palestine, which Rome implemented in AD 135 was tossed, turned, shrank, and stretched in whichever way the dominant political influence decided at the time of its respective sovereignty.
It went from the scope of ancient Philistia (Gaza Strip), down through the Sinai, up to Damascus, over to the River Euphrates, and then in 1948 came back down in size to about 8,000 to 9,000 square miles which encompasses, Gaza, Israel, and the West Bank as defined today.
Palestine was essentially never officially recognized as a state or a nation; the terms were generally used loosely through the centuries to describe a territory with grossly undefined borders. However, in these times, the movement is to declare such a Palestinian state. This is because now there is a population group known as the Palestinians, and they have convinced the international community that they are deserving of such a state.
Today this population has definitely attained for themselves an ethnic identity, and as such have become a force to be reckoned with. Their general identity is founded in association with their refugee condition. Their movement is generally supported by the Muslim international influence, but is intrinsically lifted up by those Arab countries that most closely border the nation of Israel today.
These Arab countries are the very same nations listed alongside the Palestinians in the forthcoming Psalm 83 confederacy. As stated earlier in this article, this confederacy is committed to the destruction of Israel and will surface in the end-times.
All political attempts presently on the table that struggle to resolve the tension between the Arabs and the Jews are at best a temporary salve, designed to make Israel less of a nation and the Palestinians into a nation. This goes against the grain of God, Who has previously decided that Israel will again be called “My people Israel,” and that Edom has been permanently “made small among the nations!”
[i]From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters. Chapter 8, 2nd page.
[ii] http://masada2000.org/ in the Palestine? section.
[iii] From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters. Chapter 8, 5th page.
[iv] From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters. Chapter 8, 11th page
(600,000 Jews estimated).
[v] From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters. Chapter 8, 5th page.
[vi] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29. Accessed
2/28/08.
[vii] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29. Accessed
2/28/08.
[viii] Matt. 24:7, Mark 13:8, Luke 21:10.
[ix] Jordan gained its statehood in 1946. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Jordan. Accessed 2/28/08.
